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 Greece
finds itself in the odd position of being a news vortex these days. The
country has become a symbol of a declining state and a prime example of
a loser in the shifting sands of the economic meltdown. Where does South
Africa stand in relation to Greece? Maybe an odd question, but no odder
than the answer.
Comparing Greece to South Africa seems quixotic and arbitrary. Yet the
comparison is weirdly instructive too, both on the positive and the negative
sides of the coin.
And coin is the leading measure here. Would you believe, for example,
that South Africa is a larger economic entity that Greece? When did that
happen? How did that happen? How is it possible that a country which invented
the democratic state could fall behind a fraught, divided, troubled African
country that didn’t exist until thousands of years after Greece scholars
forged the ideas by which most of the world currently lives?
The gross domestic product (GDP) of Greece (measured on a purchasing
power parity basis) was set by the CIA “Factbook” at $339 billion
last year. By the same measure at the same time, South Africa’s GDP
is $489 billion - not only larger, but almost 50% larger.
However, before South African’s chests swell, consider this too;
Greece has almost no people living below the poverty line. Almost half
of South Africa’s population does. The average Greek is three times
richer than the average South African.
South Africa’s larger economy is consequently, partly at least, merely
a function of its higher population; 48 million people compared to the
11 million who control the islands where the odd notion of “western
civilisation” was born.
Despite this comparison (or perhaps because of it), two differences and
one similarity really stand out: the differences are economic trajectory
and fiscal discipline; the similarity is corruption.
Take the good news first: the fiscal discipline of the new South African
government is worthy of Spartan heroism compared to the lackadaisical
attitude of modern Greece. The key issue is that Greece’s debt-to-GDP
ratio was 113% last year and will rise to 125% next year – one of
the highest in the world, and higher now than the famously disastrous
Iceland, but less than the perennial global oddity, Japan.
South Africa’s comparable ratio is 35%. When SA’s debt-to-GDP
ratio approached 60% early in the ANC’s term of office, South African
economists had palpitations, issuing dire warnings of a debt trap, where
the country would be progressively borrowing more just to repay its debts.
Thankfully, those warnings were heeded.
However, behind this Olympian debt mountain in Greece lies the comparison
that should worry every South African: growing corruption. This is the
real reason - the not-so-secret secret - for the sudden need for a Greek
bailout by the European Union. The bailout is necessary, not only because
of the demise of Mediterranean property and tourism economy, but because
the economic authorities lied.
The Economist notes: “Successive Greek governments have managed
to hoodwink the European Union over the size of the country’s budget
deficit and its public debt by blaming their predecessors and then promising
to do better.
“No longer. The European Commission’s fury over a leap in the
projected deficit for 2009 from 6.7% of GDP (the figure from the old centre-right
New Democracy-led lot) to 12.7% (the figure produced by the new centre-left
Pasok government) helped to trigger a collapse in the Greek bond markets
and even provoke dire warnings that the country might go bust.”
And just as we were completing this story, The New York Times exposed
how much Wall Street's financial giants helped hide the real extent of
Greece's debts. In a way not dissimilar to home-owners getting a second
mortgage during the height of sub-prime madness, Greek governments were
paying for their then-current needs by mortgaging the country's future.
And Wall Street obliged, with Goldman Sachs leading the way.
Photo: Tax Revenue as percentage of GDP
This, you hope and pray, will serve as a lesson to the ANC which condones
creeping corruption everywhere. Allow corruption to get a solid grip,
and it becomes ingrained. These days even some Greek doctors refuse to
take credit cards; Hippocrates ought to have considered putting cheating
the tax man in his oath as well.
Take a look at this tax revenue as a percentage of GDP graph drawn from
www.gapminder.com : amazing to think that South Africans are more honest
about paying their taxes than Greeks – and even as so much more is
demanded of South Africans.
Yet, South African sanctimony about fiscal discipline only goes so far.
South Africa’s fiscal deficit, the amount the government spends compared
to what it collects, is about to jump to 8%. Keep that up for a few years
and you’ll find yourself in a vortex such as the one in which Greece
now languishes, being the first European Union country, the first member
of the euro currency area, to go cap in hand to the International Monetary
Fund, with all its hard-nosed economic doctors with their frightening
hypodermics.
South Africa and Greece each have a saving grace the other does not have.
Greece is part of the European Union, and so the other members are more
or less obliged to bail out a member state to prevent contagion setting
in - even though it represents only 2% of the economy of the union.
South Africa, meanwhile, has mineral wealth, which underpins its economy
and which led to the 2004-2007 windfall. Mineral wealth continues to provide
an economic support.
Yet in both cases, these saving graces are less significant than they
seem. The EU will save Greece because it has to, but Greeks will lose
autonomy of their economy.
South Africa’s mineral wealth is likewise being squandered, attacked
by resource nationalists, increasingly highly taxed and consequently gradually
declining as a proportion of economic output.
In fact, one of the remarkable comparisons between Greece and South Africa
is the large proportion of the population that works in the service sector:
Once again according to the CIA “Factbook”, the breakdown of
the South African economy is 9% constituted by agriculture, 26% by industry
and 65% by services. Greece is 12,4% agriculture, 22% industry and 65%
services.
Photo: Market value of listed companies as percentage
of GDP
Yet these general numbers obscure the details: in Greece “industry”
is shipping, and “services” is the tourism trade. In South Africa
“industry” is mining, and “services” is more of a
mix, including banking, retail and a bit of tourism.
Yet overall, you have to say, South Africa’s position might be worse,
but its trajectory is better – so long as it holds to its current
course. Greece’s maritime industry has been largely obliterated by
Asian rivals and it has rested on its tourism laurels for too long.
Both economies have been growing, but this graph shows how much more
important the stock market has always been for South Africa, but also
how much it has grown in importance over the past few years.
In so many ways Greece is in no way comparable to South Africa, yet in
many other ways, the position could easily have been reversed: It might
have been SA kneeling before the lords of the International Monetary Fund.
The comparison does show this: Your fiscal state is massively precious;
don’t rely on a single industry; don’t let corruption get out
of hand; don’t rely on larger “friends”, do it yourself.
Now, how many of those things is South Africa actually doing?
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Newsletter:
03 September 2010 to 10 September 2010 - Focus on Bloemfontein, Free State, South Africa
